Intensity of the excess pressure in a water-hammer wave is determined by which factor?

The intensity of the excess pressure in a water-hammer wave is primarily determined by the amount of extinguished velocity that occurs when water is rapidly decelerated. When there is a sudden stop or a rapid change in flow, the water's inertia causes a significant change in momentum, which leads to a spike in pressure within the system. This phenomenon is known as a water hammer.

When the velocity of the water decreases abruptly, such as when a valve closes quickly, the impact of this change in velocity is what creates the pressure surge. The greater the change in velocity, the more intense the pressure wave generated. This is crucial for understanding how to manage and mitigate water hammer effects in piping systems, as excessive pressure can lead to system failures.

The other factors mentioned, although they can influence the performance of a water system, do not directly determine the intensity of the pressure wave created by water hammer. For instance, while the size of the pipe may affect the overall hydraulics of the system, it does not fundamentally alter the relationship between change in velocity and excess pressure. Similarly, specific gravity of the fuel and changes in flow rate (gpm) may impact system behavior but are secondary to the primary mechanism of water hammer, which centers on the effects of